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EU current account surplus €113.2 bn

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€47.4 bn surplus for trade in services

Overview

In the fourth quarter of 2024, the EU seasonally adjusted current account of the balance of payments recorded a surplus of €113.2 billion (+2.5% of GDP), compared with a surplus of €107.5 billion (+2.4% of GDP) in the third quarter of 2024 and a surplus of €103.4 billion (+2.4% of GDP) in the fourth quarter of 2023, according to estimates released by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union.

EU current and capital accounts

In the fourth quarter of 2024 compared with the third quarter of 2024, based on seasonally adjusted data

  • the surplus of the goods account increased (+€88.1 bn compared to +€86.1 bn),

  • the surplus of the services account increased (+€47.4 bn compared to +€38.8 bn),

  • the surplus of the primary income account decreased (+€3.7 bn compared to +€9.8 bn) and

  • the deficit of the secondary income account decreased (-€26.0 bn compared to -€27.3 bn).

In addition, during the same period, the deficit of the capital account decreased (-€5.9 bn compared to -€7.6 bn).

Current account balance

   

EU current and capital accounts
– calendar and seasonally adjusted (bn euro) –

Current account

 Goods

Services

Primary income

Secondary income

Current account as
% of GDP

Capital account

1 347.2

639.2

365.6

301.4

41.0

30.8%

32.2

1 243.8

553.9

321.6

299.9

68.4

28.4%

39.7

103.4

85.3

44.0

1.5

-27.5

2.4%

-7.6

1 385.6

651.6

379.7

313.2

41.1

31.3%

12.2

1 253.4

541.3

333.2

311.1

67.8

28.4%

25.3

132.2

110.4

46.5

2.1

-26.7

3.0%

-13.1

1 427.2

662.0

397.6

325.8

41.9

32.0%

16.5

1 293.2

563.4

342.0

316.5

71.3

29.0%

25.1

133.9

98.5

55.6

9.3

-29.5

3.0%

-8.6

1 402.0

651.2

380.9

325.9

44.0

31.1%

15.8

1 294.5

565.1

342.0

316.1

71.3

28.7%

23.5

107.5

86.1

38.8

9.8

-27.3

2.4%

-7.6

1 425.5

651.7

390.3

333.3

50.3

31.3%

16.0

1 312.3

563.6

342.9

329.6

76.3

28.8%

21.9

113.2

88.1

47.4

3.7

-26.0

2.5%

-5.9

Euro area current account
– calendar and seasonally adjusted (bn euro) –

2023

2024

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

79.0

108.9

133.4

90.1

83.2

83.4

105.3

97.5

84.1

84.2

34.9

34.3

52.0

35.6

46.0

5.5

3.9

28.2

13.2

3.3

-44.9

-34.6

-44.2

-42.8

-50.3

2.1%

2.9%

3.5%

2.4%

2.2%

EU main partners

In the fourth quarter of 2024, based on non-seasonally adjusted data, the EU recorded current account surpluses with the United Kingdom (+€49.0bn), Switzerland (+€28.3 bn), offshore financial centres (+€21.7 bn), the USA (+€20.6 bn), Canada (+€12.8 bn), Hong Kong (+€10.6 bn), Brazil (+€8.4 bn) and Japan (+€7.9 bn). Deficits were registered with China (-€49.4 bn), Russia (-€1.5 bn) and India (-€1.3 bn).

EU financial account

Based on non-seasonally adjusted data, in the fourth quarter of 2024

As a result, the EU was a net direct investor to the rest of the world with net outflows of €17.1 bn.

At the same time,

  • portfolio investment recorded a net outflow of €82.4 bn, while

  • other investment recorded a net inflow of €43.7 bn.

EU financial account
– neither calendar nor seasonally adjusted (bn euro) –

2023

2024

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

55.0

147.9

147.1

206.5

90.0

-400.9

600.2

114.0

450.8

-9.3

-455.9

452.3

-33.1

244.3

-99.4

-17.2

141.9

110.0

39.3

17.1

-365.0

167.3

-65.6

26.4

62.3

-347.8

25.4

-175.6

-12.9

45.2

-68.6

-49.2

-111.4

-49.4

82.4

29.3

143.5

145.1

164.2

189.1

97.9

192.7

256.6

213.6

106.7

112.2

18.5

120.1

226.1

-43.7

-93.7

252.8

6.1

269.7

-295.0

-205.9

234.2

-114.1

43.6

-251.3

18.6

12.7

18.7

-8.8

21.7

9.9

24.0

9.6

-0.8

12.6

Current account of Member States (including intra-EU flows)

As concerns the total (intra-EU plus extra-EU) current account balances of the EU Member States, based on available non-seasonally adjusted data, eighteen Member States recorded surpluses, eight recorded deficits and one Member State had its current account in balance in the fourth quarter of 2024. The highest surpluses were observed in Germany (+€50.4 bn), the Netherlands (+€38.9 bn), Ireland (+€18.2 bn), Denmark (+€15.2 bn), France (+€14.8 bn), Italy (+€9.9 bn) and Sweden (+€9.7 bn). The largest deficits were recorded for Romania (-€9.4 bn) and Greece (-€7.3 bn).

Tables

EU current account, breakdown by main partner countries
– neither calendar nor seasonally adjusted (bn euro) –

Partner

Period

Credit

Debit

Balance

Q4 2023

1 384.8

1 279.5

105.4

Q4 2024

1 467.8

1 346.5

121.3

Q4 2023

241.7

171.6

70.1

Q4 2024

232.0

182.9

49.0

Q4 2023

304.2

295.8

8.4

Q4 2024

344.3

323.6

20.6

Q4 2023

115.2

86.6

28.6

Q4 2024

120.2

92.0

28.3

Q4 2023

93.6

126.1

-32.5

Q4 2024

89.4

138.8

-49.4

Q4 2023

15.3

15.8

-0.5

Q4 2024

13.3

14.8

-1.5

Q4 2023

36.6

31.2

5.3

Q4 2024

40.1

32.1

7.9

Q4 2023

25.9

16.5

9.4

Q4 2024

29.5

16.7

12.8

Q4 2023

19.9

11.4

8.5

Q4 2024

22.5

11.9

10.6

Q4 2023

23.1

22.6

0.5

Q4 2024

23.9

25.2

-1.3

Q4 2023

24.6

15.7

8.9

Q4 2024

24.9

16.5

8.4

Q4 2023

91.4

74.6

16.9

Q4 2024

104.8

83.1

21.7

Q4 2023

413.2

422.9

-9.7

Q4 2024

445.5

420.7

24.8

EU goods account, breakdown by main partner countries
– neither calendar nor seasonally adjusted (bn euro) –

Partner

Period

Credit

Debit

Balance

Q4 2023

661.1

563.8

97.3

Q4 2024

672.0

573.6

98.4

Q4 2023

91.8

45.8

46.0

Q4 2024

90.0

45.7

44.3

Q4 2023

128.4

74.5

53.9

Q4 2024

140.2

70.8

69.3

Q4 2023

41.9

32.5

9.3

Q4 2024

39.6

34.0

5.6

Q4 2023

68.0

109.1

-41.1

Q4 2024

58.7

121.9

-63.3

Q4 2023

9.2

10.7

-1.5

Q4 2024

8.1

9.3

-1.3

Q4 2023

17.0

15.4

1.6

Q4 2024

18.4

14.1

4.3

Q4 2023

11.7

5.9

5.9

Q4 2024

13.5

6.2

7.3

Q4 2023

8.9

4.6

4.2

Q4 2024

8.8

4.7

4.1

Q4 2023

12.9

12.8

0.1

Q4 2024

12.5

14.4

-1.8

Q4 2023

8.1

10.5

-2.3

Q4 2024

9.0

11.2

-2.2

Q4 2023

25.5

15.0

10.6

Q4 2024

22.8

14.0

8.8

Q4 2023

246.5

231.7

14.8

Q4 2024

259.3

231.9

27.3

EU services account, breakdown by main partner countries
– neither calendar nor seasonally adjusted (bn euro) –

Partner

Period

Credit

Debit

Balance

Q4 2023

374.5

349.9

24.6

Q4 2024

403.9

369.7

34.2

Q4 2023

70.5

60.7

9.8

Q4 2024

74.2

63.9

10.2

Q4 2023

83.9

120.4

-36.5

Q4 2024

91.3

135.1

-43.8

Q4 2023

40.8

22.7

18.1

Q4 2024

43.0

25.4

17.5

Q4 2023

16.2

12.7

3.5

Q4 2024

18.2

12.8

5.5

Q4 2023

3.0

1.3

1.7

Q4 2024

1.7

1.1

0.6

Q4 2023

10.3

5.4

4.9

Q4 2024

11.3

5.7

5.6

Q4 2023

6.7

5.1

1.6

Q4 2024

7.1

5.3

1.8

Q4 2023

6.8

3.6

3.3

Q4 2024

9.1

4.0

5.1

Q4 2023

6.4

8.6

-2.2

Q4 2024

7.6

9.7

-2.1

Q4 2023

5.8

2.6

3.2

Q4 2024

5.9

2.6

3.3

Q4 2023

27.5

26.1

1.4

Q4 2024

28.5

28.7

-0.1

Q4 2023

103.3

84.2

19.1

Q4 2024

114.9

79.2

35.7

EU direct investment, breakdown by main partner countries
– neither calendar nor seasonally adjusted (bn euro) –

Partner

Period

Net acquisition of
Assets

Net incurrence of
Liabilities

Net

Q4 2023

-365.0

-347.8

-17.2

Q4 2024

62.3

45.2

17.1

Q4 2023

-50.5

-42.2

-8.3

Q4 2024

-21.7

-15.1

-6.6

Q4 2023

-170.7

-252.0

81.3

Q4 2024

39.3

33.6

5.7

Q4 2023

-78.7

-41.3

-37.4

Q4 2024

27.6

26.5

1.1

Q4 2023

-1.9

5.8

-7.6

Q4 2024

-5.3

2.9

-8.2

Q4 2023

-6.6

-1.3

-5.2

Q4 2024

-0.1

0.8

-0.9

Q4 2023

1.4

2.1

-0.7

Q4 2024

4.0

6.7

-2.8

Q4 2023

-19.8

-23.9

4.0

Q4 2024

-12.6

0.8

-13.4

Q4 2023

-22.0

-43.5

21.5

Q4 2024

-3.3

-43.5

40.2

Q4 2023

1.1

0.6

0.5

Q4 2024

2.7

1.4

1.2

Q4 2023

4.0

13.0

-9.0

Q4 2024

4.3

1.4

2.9

Q4 2023

-11.3

-43.0

31.8

Q4 2024

11.0

-40.4

51.4

Q4 2023

-32.0

34.4

-66.4

Q4 2024

13.1

26.5

-13.4

Current accounts balances – national data (intra-EU + extra-EU)
– neither calendar nor seasonally adjusted (bn euro) –

2023

2024

Countries

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

3.9

0.7

-2.6

-2.3

-1.1

-0.3

-0.3

-0.7

0.9

-1.8

0.3

4.5

-0.3

-0.1

1.4

10.7

7.8

13.7

14.9

15.2

71.9

82.7

60.3

53.3

50.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.2

-0.3

0.2

-0.5

14.9

35.5

23.0

18.2

-7.3

-3.8

-4.5

0.3

-7.3

8.8

12.0

12.8

14.7

8.6

4.3

-6.5

-1.6

4.8

14.8

-1.0

-3.0

-1.3

4.8

-1.6

5.2

0.3

6.2

8.3

9.9

-0.5

-0.9

-0.3

0.0

-1.2

-0.1

-0.1

-0.4

-0.5

0.1

0.3

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

2.9

1.9

0.6

5.7

3.7

-1.3

2.7

1.7

0.4

-0.1

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.2

33.2

26.6

22.3

24.9

38.9

3.8

8.1

0.0

1.3

2.3

3.2

4.6

0.3

-3.9

0.7

-0.9

1.7

0.8

3.6

0.0

-5.7

-4.2

-7.5

-8.5

-9.4

0.6

0.7

0.7

1.1

0.6

-0.8

-0.1

-0.8

-1.0

-1.7

1.3

-1.0

-1.6

2.0

1.4

9.7

9.5

14.6

8.1

9.7

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

0.3

-0.6

19.9

21.1

19.5

17.7

17.9

14.4

9.9

17.6

5.7

10.4

-0.2

-0.5

-0.3

-0.1

-0.2

-0.4

-0.4

-0.4

0.1

-0.5

-0.1

-0.2

-0.1

0.3

-0.3

-0.2

-0.4

-0.2

0.4

-0.4

-1.0

-0.5

-0.9

-2.0

-1.8

-3.9

-9.0

-4.2

8.6

-4.8

-0.4

-0.3

-0.4

0.2

-0.5

Services accounts balances – national data (intra-EU + extra-EU)
– neither calendar nor seasonally adjusted (bn euro) –

2023

2024

Countries

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

1.1

-1.5

-2.6

-4.1

-1.8

1.8

1.5

1.9

2.8

1.6

0.6

1.2

1.4

1.0

0.5

-0.5

0.0

1.4

3.8

0.3

-12.1

-9.6

-19.5

-27.0

-17.9

0.7

0.6

0.8

0.8

0.7

-7.3

9.3

24.5

9.9

4.8

2.8

1.4

6.0

12.0

3.3

20.6

19.8

27.2

31.7

21.7

9.7

7.7

16.5

17.7

13.3

1.8

0.9

3.4

9.0

1.7

-3.2

-5.4

0.6

2.9

-5.2

2.1

1.3

2.1

2.7

2.2

0.5

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.7

1.8

2.0

2.3

2.3

2.1

9.7

8.7

9.3

9.5

10.1

2.3

2.1

2.4

3.2

2.4

1.5

1.5

1.8

1.9

1.7

10.5

7.6

11.7

7.8

11.0

1.2

5.1

-1.0

-0.5

2.2

9.7

10.0

10.4

10.3

9.5

6.2

6.3

7.8

10.8

7.1

3.2

2.9

3.0

2.8

2.7

0.8

0.8

0.9

1.1

0.9

0.1

0.0

0.2

0.2

0.1

-2.4

-2.4

-1.3

-0.7

-0.8

-2.5

-2.4

-1.1

-2.3

-1.7

0.2

0.1

0.5

0.9

0.2

-1.9

-1.6

-1.8

-1.7

-1.6

-9.1

-6.3

-7.3

-8.6

-10.0

0.6

0.4

0.5

0.7

0.6

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.9

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.1

0.7

0.6

0.9

1.5

0.9

0.9

0.7

0.8

0.3

1.0

11.4

7.6

14.1

22.3

13.1

0.2

0.3

0.3

1.0

0.3

Notes for users

Revisions and timetable

The EU balance of payments estimates for the reference quarter are based on figures provided by the Member States to Eurostat 82 days (euro area Member States) or 85 days (non-euro area Member States) after the end of the reference quarter and should be considered as provisional. Figures may be subject to revision when data for later quarters are transmitted by the Member States.

A more limited set of monthly data is available in the Eurostat on-line database approximately 51 days after the end of the reference month. The publication timetable of balance of payments statistics for 2025 is available here.

Methods and definitions

The current account covers all transactions occurring between resident and non-resident entities, and refers to international trade in goods and services, as well as primary and secondary income. The capital account comprises capital transfers and the acquisition and disposal of non-produced, non-financial assets. The financial account records transactions that involve financial assets and liabilities, and take place between residents and non-residents and is further subdivided into direct investment, portfolio investment, other investment, financial derivatives and employee stock options and reserve assets. Further details of the statistical concepts and definitions used can be found on the Eurostat website here.

In line with the agreed allocation of responsibility, the European Central Bank (ECB) is in charge of compiling and disseminating monthly and quarterly balance of payments and quarterly international investment position statistics for the euro area, while the European Commission (Eurostat) is responsible for monthly, quarterly and annual aggregates of the EU. The aggregates for the euro area and the EU are compiled consistently on the basis of Member States’ transactions with residents of countries outside the euro area and the European Union respectively.

Geographical information

The European Union (EU27) includes Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland and Sweden.

The euro area (EA20) includes Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland.

Offshore Financial Centres (OFC) is an aggregate that includes 40 countries. As example, the aggregate contains financial centres such as Liechtenstein, Guernsey, Jersey, the Isle of Man, Andorra, Gibraltar, Panama, Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, Bahrain, Hong Kong, Singapore and the Philippines.

For more information

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* Here the title * … * … * * Here the logo and notes * */ function tableConfiguration() { /** Retrieves the list of table elements (images) */ const tables = document.getElementsByTagName(‘table’); /** We go through the list of tables */ for (let table of tables) { /** We create a section to wrap the table */ let section = document.createElement(‘section’); /** Add table-wrapper class to section element */ section.classList.add(‘table-wrapper’); /** We create a caption element to place the title */ let caption = document.createElement(‘caption’); /** We create thead element to place the headers */ let tHead = document.createElement(‘thead’); /** We create a footer to place notes, datasource and logo */ let footer = document.createElement(‘footer’); /** Retrieves the tBody */ let tBody = table.tBodies[0]; /** Retrieves the table rows */ let rows = tBody.rows; let datalabels = []; let captionContent = []; /** Stores the indexes of the rows to be removed after processing the whole table */ let rowsToRemove = []; /** We go through the rows within the table and extract caption, headers and footnotes */ buildTable(rows, captionContent, datalabels, footer, rowsToRemove); deleteRows(table, rowsToRemove); addTableCaption(caption, captionContent); addTableHeaders(table, tHead, datalabels); wrapInSection(section, table, caption, tHead, tBody, footer); linkHeaders(table); } } /** * Builds a table with the expected format: adding caption, datalabels and footer * @param {*} rows – The table rows * @param {*} captionContent – The content of the caption (title) * @param {*} datalabels – The list of datalabels (table headers) * @param {*} footer – The footer element * @param {*} rowsToRemove – Array containing the index of the rows to be removed */ function buildTable(rows, captionContent, datalabels, footer, rowsToRemove) { let rowIndex = 0; for (let row of rows) { let cells = row.cells; /** We check the first cell in order to guess the cell type: th, td; and cell classes: title, datalabel… */ let firstCell = row.firstElementChild; /** If the th class name is title, we convert this th into a caption */ if (isCaption(firstCell)) { addCaption(cells, captionContent, rowIndex, rowsToRemove) } /** If the th class name is datalabel, we add the header to the tHead component */ else if (isDatalabel(firstCell)) { addDatalabels(row, datalabels, rowIndex, rowsToRemove); } /** If the th class name is title, we convert this th into a caption */ else if (isFooter(firstCell)) { addFooter(row, footer, rowIndex, rowsToRemove); } else { row.setAttribute(‘initial-position’, rowIndex); } rowIndex++; } } /** * Checks whether the given cell has the given tagName and className * @param {*} cell – The cell to be checked * @param {*} tagName – The tag name to be checked * @param {*} className – The class name to be checked * @returns true if the cell’s tagName and className matches the given ones, false otherwise */ function checkCell(cell, tagName, className) { return cell.tagName.toLowerCase() === tagName && cell.className.indexOf(className) > -1; } /** * Whether a cell is a caption (title) * @param {*} cell – The cell to be checked * @returns true if the cell is a caption, false otherwise */ function isCaption(cell) { return checkCell(cell, ‘th’, ‘title’); } /** * Whether a cell is a datalabel * @param {*} cell – The cell to be checked * @returns true if the cell is a datalabel, false otherwise */ function isDatalabel(cell) { return checkCell(cell, ‘th’, ‘datalabel’); } /** * Whether a cell is a vertical header * @param {*} cell – The cell to be checked * @returns true if the cell is a vertical header, false otherwise */ function isVerticalHeader(cell) { return checkCell(cell, ‘th’, ‘vertical-header’); } /** * Whether a cell is a footer * @param {*} cell – The cell to be checked * @returns true if the cell is a footer, false otherwise */ function isFooter(cell) { return checkCell(cell, ‘td’, ‘footer’); } /** * Adds the content of the caption cells: paragraphs * @param {*} cells – The cells belonging to the row * @param {*} captionContent – The content of the caption * @param {*} rowIndex – The index of current row * @param {*} rowsToRemove – Array containing the index of the rows to be removed */ function addCaption(cells, captionContent, rowIndex, rowsToRemove) { for (let cell of cells) { /** We must add all the Child Nodes of each th title Cell */ for (let childNode of cell.childNodes) { captionContent.push(childNode); } } /** We remove the row from within the tables as now it’s out in the caption */ rowsToRemove.push(rowIndex); } /** * Adds the row as a datalabel * @param {*} row – The current row * @param {*} datalabels – List of datalabels * @param {*} rowIndex – The index of current row * @param {*} rowsToRemove – Array containing the index of the rows to be removed */ function addDatalabels(row, datalabels, rowIndex, rowsToRemove) { datalabels.push(row); /** We remove the row from within the tables as now it’s out in the caption */ rowsToRemove.push(rowIndex); } /** * Adds the notes and logo * @param {*} row – The current row * @param {*} footer – The footer of the table * @param {*} rowIndex – The index of current row * @param {*} rowsToRemove – Array containing the index of the rows to be removed */ function addFooter(row, footer, rowIndex, rowsToRemove) { /** We create a div element for notes and logo */ const notes = document.createElement(‘div’); notes.classList.add(‘footer-element’, ‘notes’); /** We add the content to the new note element */ notes.innerHTML = row.firstElementChild.innerHTML; /** We create a footer to place notes, datasource and logo */ footer.appendChild(notes); /** We remove the row from within the tables as now it’s out in the footer */ rowsToRemove.push(rowIndex); } /** * Deletes the rows which data has been moved to either caption, tHead or footer * @param {*} table – The current table * @param {*} rowsToRemove – Array containing the index of the rows to be removed */ function deleteRows(table, rowsToRemove) { /** We go through the title rows and append them to the caption element */ for (let j = rowsToRemove.length – 1; j >= 0; j–) { table.deleteRow(rowsToRemove[j]); } } /** * Adds the caption to the table. * @param {*} caption – The caption dom element * @param {*} captionContent – The content of the caption */ function addTableCaption(caption, captionContent) { /** We go through the Caption Content and append the nodes to the caption element */ for (let node of captionContent) { caption.appendChild(node); } } /** * Adds the headers to the table * @param {*} table – The table to make sortable * @param {*} tHead – The thead dom element * @param {*} datalabels – The datalabels to be added (headers) */ function addTableHeaders(table, tHead, dataLabels) { let sortable = false; /** We go through the header rows and append them to the tHead element */ for (let dataLabelRow of dataLabels) { let cells = dataLabelRow.cells; for (let th of cells) { if (th.classList.contains(‘sortable’)) { sortable = true; let button = createNewSortButton(); th.appendChild(button); } } tHead.appendChild(dataLabelRow); } if (sortable) { table.classList.add(‘sortable’); } } function createNewSortButton() { // creates sort button const button = document.createElement(‘button’); button.classList.add(‘ecl-table__arrow’); // creates a generic svg element for the two arrows const svgIconUp = document.createElementNS(‘http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’, ‘svg’); svgIconUp.setAttribute(‘xml:space’, ‘preserve’); svgIconUp.setAttribute(‘viewBox’, ‘0 0 24 24’); svgIconUp.setAttribute(‘enable-background’, ‘new 0 0 24 24’); svgIconUp.setAttribute(‘focusable’, ‘false’); svgIconUp.setAttribute(‘aria-hidden’, ‘true’); svgIconUp.setAttribute(‘class’, ‘ecl-table__icon ecl-icon ecl-icon–m’); // adds path element of the arrow to the arrow svg const pathIconArrow = document.createElementNS(‘http://www.w3.org/2000/svg’, ‘path’); pathIconArrow.setAttribute(‘d’, ‘M7.4 13 11 9.4c.5-.5 1.4-.5 2 0l3.6 3.6c.9.9.2 2.4-1 2.4H8.4c-1.3 0-1.9-1.5-1-2.4’); svgIconUp.appendChild(pathIconArrow); // clones the generic arrow svg including the child path also const svgIconDown = svgIconUp.cloneNode(true); // seups the arrow directions to up and down by extra css classes svgIconUp.classList.add(‘ecl-table__icon-up’); svgIconDown.classList.add(‘ecl-table__icon-down’); // insert the two arrow svg elements into the button button.appendChild(svgIconUp); button.appendChild(svgIconDown); return button; } /** * Places all the elements in their places and wraps the table into a section. * @param {*} section – The section (dom element) which will wrap table and footer * @param {*} table – The table to be wrapped * @param {*} caption – The caption (dom element) to be added to the table * @param {*} tHead – The thead (dom element) to be added to the table * @param {*} tBody – The tbody (dom element) to be added to the table * @param {*} footer – The footer (dom element) to be added to the section */ function wrapInSection(section, table, caption, tHead, tBody, footer) { /** We insert caption and thead before tbody */ table.insertBefore(caption, tBody); table.insertBefore(tHead, tBody); /** We wrap the table into a section */ table.parentNode.insertBefore(section, table); section.appendChild(table); section.appendChild(footer); } /** * Adds ids and header attributes to link every cell to all related headers so that machines can correctly read the figures. * @param {*} table – The table to be wrapped */ function linkHeaders(table) { const headers = getHeaders(table.tHead); const tBody = table.tBodies ? table.tBodies[0] : null; addHeaderLinks(tBody, headers); } function getHeaders(tHead) { const headers = []; if (tHead) { let i = 0; for (let row of tHead.rows) { /** We add a new row in the headers array */ headers.push([]); /** Stores the header ids and colSpan so we can guess to which cells (td) we must add the headers */ let j = 0; for (const cell of row.cells) { cell.setAttribute(‘id’, ‘h_’ + i + ‘_’ + j); headers[i].push({ id: cell.id, colSpan: cell.colSpan ? cell.colSpan : 1 }); j++; } i++; } } return headers; } function addHeaderLinks(tBody, headers) { if (tBody) { let i = 0; for (let row of tBody.rows) { let j = 0; for (const cell of row.cells) { /** If the cell is a vertical header we add its id */ if (cell.className.indexOf(‘vertical-header’) > -1) { cell.setAttribute(‘id’, ‘vh_’ + i + ‘_’ + j); } const headerLinks = getHeaderLinks(headers, j, cell.colSpan, row.cells[0]); cell.setAttribute(‘headers’, headerLinks); j++; } i++; } } } /** * Retrieves the header (ths) ids in order to link them to a specific cell (td) * @param {*} rows – The rows containing all headers * @param {*} index – The index of the specific cell * @param {*} colSpan – The colspan of the specific cell * @param {*} firstCell – The first cell of the row. Used to reference possible vertical headers * @returns A string containing the list of header ids split by spaces */ function getHeaderLinks(rows, index, colSpan, firstCell) { /** It will contain the header ids */ let links = ”; /** We add the reference of the vertical header if there is */ if (index > 0 && firstCell.className.indexOf(‘vertical-header’) > -1) { links = firstCell.id; } /** We go through the list of header rows */ for (const headers of rows) { /** Accumulates the colspan of the checked headers */ let sumColSpan = 0; /** We go through the list of headers for the specific header row */ for (const header of headers) { /** We check that the index of the cell belongs to a specific column */ if (index >= sumColSpan && index chartObj.resize()).observe(chartDiv); } } /** * Customizes the chart by applying custom events, axis formats, tooltips, and axis labels. * @param option – The chart options object. */ function customChartOptions(option) { setClickableDatasourceLinks(option); setAxisFormatter(option); setTooltipFormatter(option); } /** * Attaches event handlers to a chart: ‘legendselectchanged’. * * @param {Chart} chart – The chart object. */ function addEventHandlers(chart) { /** Attach an event handler for the ‘legendselectchanged’ event */ chart.on(‘legendselectchanged’, (event) => { /** Call the onChartLegendSelected function with the event and chart object */ onChartLegendSelected(event, chart); }); } /** * Handles the legend selected changed event of the chart. * @param {any} event – The event object containing the selected legend items. * @param {any} chart – The chart object. */ function onChartLegendSelected(event, chart) { /** Get the selected legend items */ const selected = event.selected; /** Count the number of selected legend items */ const selectedCount = Object.values(selected).filter(Boolean).length; /** If all legend items are deselected, keep the selection on the last clicked item */ if (selectedCount === 0) { selected[event.name] = true; } /** Update the legend selection */ chart.setOption({ legend: { selected: selected } }); } /** * Attaches custom events to the provided option object. * * @param {object} option – The option object to attach custom events to. */ function setClickableDatasourceLinks(option) { /** If the table has datasource link */ if (option.graphic && option.graphic.length >= 3) { /** Attach an onclick event handler to the third element of the graphic array (datasource links) */ option.graphic[2].onclick = function (event) { /** If the element has a link defined in its style */ if (this.style?.link) { /** Open the link in a new tab/window */ window.open(this.style.link, ‘_blank’); } }; } } /** * Sets the default axis formatter for axis labels. * @param {object} option – The option object to update the axis formatter * */ function setAxisFormatter(option) { /** The default unit used in axis labels */ const defaultUnit = ‘%’; /** If the yAxis are used as values */ if (option.yAxis.type === ‘value’) { /** If the yAxis unit is not defined, set % as default */ option.yAxis.axisLabel.unit = option.yAxis.axisLabel.unit ? option.yAxis.axisLabel.unit : defaultUnit; /** If the yAxis label padding is not defined, set 15 as default suffix */ option.yAxis.axisLabel.padding = option.yAxis?.axisLabel?.padding ? option.yAxis.axisLabel.padding : 15; /** Use the custom formatter */ option.yAxis.axisLabel.formatter = (value) => customAxisFormatter(option.lang, value, option.yAxis.axisLabel.unit, parseInt(option.yAxis.axisLabel.decimals)); // Use the custom formatter } /** If the xAxis are used as values */ if (option.xAxis.type === ‘value’) { /** If the xAxis unit is not defined, set % as default */ option.xAxis.axisLabel.unit = option.xAxis.axisLabel.unit ? option.xAxis.axisLabel.unit : defaultUnit; /** Use the custom formatter */ option.xAxis.axisLabel.formatter = (value) => customAxisFormatter(option.lang, value, option.xAxis.axisLabel.unit, parseInt(option.xAxis.axisLabel.decimals)); } /** If xAxis type is category */ else if (option.xAxis.type === ‘category’) { boldCountries(option); } } /** * Formats a numeric value with a specified unit and decimal precision. * * @param {number} value – The numeric value to be formatted. * @param {string} unit – The unit to be appended to the formatted value. * @param {number} decimals – The number of decimal places to round the value to. * @returns {string} The formatted string representation of the value with unit. */ function customAxisFormatter(lang, value, unit, decimals) { /** * Check the language and format the value accordingly. * For French (fr) and German (de), use commas instead of dots. * For other languages (en), use the default format with dots. */ const formattedValue = lang === ‘fr’ || lang === ‘de’ ? `${value.toFixed(decimals).replace(‘.’, ‘,’)}${unit}` : `${value.toFixed(decimals)}${unit}`; return formattedValue; } /** * Enriches the x-axis labels with formatting based on certain values. * If EU and Euro Area are included, those must be written in bold * @remarks * This function enriches the x-axis labels with formatting based on certain values, such as making “EU” and “Euro Area” bold. * @param {object} option – The option object to set bold countries to. */ function boldCountries(option) { option.xAxis.axisLabel.formatter = function (v) { /** Convert input string to lowercase for case-insensitive comparison */ const lowerCaseV = v ? v.toLowerCase() : ”; /** Check for specific label values and format them accordingly, check for “EU” or “UE” */ if (lowerCaseV === “eu” || lowerCaseV === “ue”) { // return `{eu|${v}}`; } /** Check for “Euro Area”, “Euroraum”, or “Zone Euro” */ else if (lowerCaseV === “euro area” || lowerCaseV === “euroraum” || lowerCaseV === “zone euro”) { return `{euroArea|${v}}`; } return v; }; /** Set the rich property of the axis label to apply the bold formatting */ option.xAxis.axisLabel.rich = { eu: { fontWeight: “bold”, }, euroArea: { fontWeight: “bold” } }; } /** * Handles formatting the tooltip decimal convention in the graphic. * @remarks * This function formats the tooltip based on the language and decimal convention. * * @param {object} option – The option object to add custom tooltip. */ function setTooltipFormatter(option) { /** * Tooltip formatter for ECharts. * @param {object[]} params – Parameters for the tooltip formatter. * @param {string} params[].name – Name of the x-axis value. * @param {string} params[].seriesName – Name of the series. * @param {number} params[].value – Value of the data point. * @param {string} params[].color – Color of the series. * @param {string} ticket – Ticket for the callback. * @param {Function} callback – Callback function. * @returns {string} – Formatted tooltip content. */ option.tooltip.formatter = function (params, ticket, callback) { /** Retrieve the x-axis value for the tooltip */ const xAxisValue = params[0].name; /** If xAxisValue is empty, return null to hide the tooltip */ if (!xAxisValue) { return null; } /** Create the tooltip content container with a white background and padding */ let tooltipContent = ”; /** Add the x-axis value to the tooltip content */ /** @type {string} XAxis */ tooltipContent += ” + xAxisValue + ‘]]>

‘; /** Retrieve the order from the tooltip option */ const sortOrder = option.tooltip.order; /** Sort the ‘params’ array based on the ‘sortOrder’ parameter. */ switch (sortOrder) { /** Sort by series name in ascending order. */ case ‘seriesAsc’: params = params.sort((a, b) => a.seriesName.localeCompare(b.seriesName)); break; /** Sort by series name in descending order. */ case ‘seriesDesc’: params = params.sort((a, b) => b.seriesName.localeCompare(a.seriesName)); break; /** Sort by numerical value in ascending order. */ case ‘valueAsc’: params = params.sort((a, b) => parseFloat(a.value) – parseFloat(b.value)); break; /** Sort by numerical value in descending order. */ case ‘valueDesc’: params = params.sort((a, b) => parseFloat(b.value) – parseFloat(a.value)); break; /** Reverse the current order. */ case ‘reverse’: params.reverse(); break; default: break; } /** Iterate over each series in the tooltip parameters */ for (const param of params) { /** Retrieve the name and value of the current series */ let seriesName = param.seriesName; let value = param.value; /** Replace every specific apostrphe by simple one. */ seriesName = seriesName.replaceAll(“’”, “‘”); /** Convert the numeric value to its string representation. */ const strValue = String(value); /** Retrieve the axis used as value */ const axis = option.yAxis.type === ‘value’ ? option.yAxis : option.xAxis; /** Initialize the number of decimal places */ let decimals = option.tooltip.decimals; /** Check if decimals configuration is set to default and the value contains decimal places */ if (!decimals && strValue.indexOf(‘.’) > -1) { /** Calculate the number of decimal places */ decimals = strValue.substring(strValue.indexOf(‘.’), strValue.length – 1).length; } else { /** If there are no decimal places, format the value with 1 decimal place */ decimals = decimals || 1; /** Convert the value to a fixed-point notation string with a specified number of decimal places. */ value = Number(value).toFixed(decimals); } /** Convert -0 value to 0 with the specified or calculated number of decimal places.*/ if (Number(value) == -0) { value = (Number(value) + 0).toFixed(decimals); } /** Extract the unit from within the axis label */ const unit = axis.axisLabel.unit ? axis.axisLabel.unit : ”; /** Format the value using the appropriate number of decimal places */ if (isNaN(value)) { value = ‘N/A’; } else { value = Number(value).toLocaleString(option.lang ? option.lang : ‘en’, { minimumFractionDigits: decimals }) + unit; } /** Retrieve the color of the current series */ const color = param.color; /** * Add the series name and value to the tooltip content * Use a circle icon with the series color */ tooltipContent += ‘

‘ + ” + ” + ” + seriesName + ” + ” + ” + value + ” + ‘

‘; } /** Close the tooltip content container */ tooltipContent += ”; /** Return the formatted tooltip content */ return tooltipContent; } } /* * This content is licensed according to the W3C Software License at * https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document * * File: sortable-table.js * * Desc: Adds sorting to a HTML data table that implements ARIA Authoring Practices */ class SortableTable { constructor(tableNode) { this.tableNode = tableNode; this.columnHeaders = tableNode.querySelectorAll(‘thead th.sortable’); this.sortColumns = []; for (let i = 0; i b.value ? -1 : 1; } } else if (isNumber) { return a.value – b.value; } else { return a.value

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{ if (document.querySelector(selector)) { return resolve(document.querySelector(selector)); } const observer = new MutationObserver(mutations => { if (document.querySelector(selector)) { resolve(document.querySelector(selector)); observer.disconnect(); } }); observer.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true }); }); } waitForElm(‘div.chart’).then((elm) => { // Has to be run after cool-ngx-editor.js script that is tweeking the charts const elements = document.getElementsByClassName(“chart”); for (let i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) { let div = document.createElement('div'); div.id = "share-chart-" + i; div.style = "position: absolute; right: 0; z-index: 50;"; elements[i].prepend(div); let script = document.createElement('script'); script.type = "application/json"; let url = new URL(window.location.href); url.searchParams.set('item', 'chart'); url.searchParams.set('id', i); let code = '{"service": "sbkm", "version": "2.0", "popup": false, "icon": true, "more" : ["facebook", "x", "linkedin", "email"], "renderTo": "' + div.id + '", "to": ["more"], "target": true, "link": "' + url.href + '", "via": "EU_Eurostat", "title": "' + getJournalArticleTitle() + '"}'; try { script.appendChild(document.createTextNode(code)); } catch (e) { s.text = code; } elements[i].parentNode.insertBefore(script, elements[i].nextSibling); } }); // Add share button to tables $(document).ready(function() { // Has to be run after cool-ngx-editor.js script that is tweeking the tables const tables = document.getElementsByTagName("table"); for (let i = 0; i position) { await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 500)); // Wait a bit so that it doesn’t scroll too far allItems[position].scrollIntoView(true); } } });;}());]]>